From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

湖南省长沙市
Húnán Shěng Chángshā Shì
Changsha, Hunan

NICKNAME：Xingsha
Area	11,819 km²
Population(2005)  -Density	6,130,000 518/km²
GDP(2005)  -per capita	CN¥151.99 billion ¥24.318
Mayor	Tan Zhongchi
County-level divisions	5districts, 3counties and 1city
City tree	camphor
City flower	azalea
Postal code	410000
License Plate Prefix	湘A
Calling code	0731
Urban areas

Changsha (simplified Chinese: 长沙; traditional Chinese: 長沙; pinyin: Chángshā; Wade-Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, a province of Southcentral China, located on the lower reaches of Xiangjiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. It covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and has a population of 6,017,600 (2003 population census).

Contents 1 Administration 2 History 3 Geography and climate 4 Transportation 5 Economy 6 Cultural life 7 Colleges and universities 8 Notable inhabitants 9 Economic Data Source

Changsha has jurisdiction over five districts (Furong, Tianxin, Yuelu, Kaifu, Yuhua districts), three counties (Changsha, Wangcheng, Ningxiang counties) and Liuyang city.Changsha is a heavily polluted city with construction fields everywhere (2007)

The earliest settlement was probably founded in the first millennium BC. By 202 BC it was already a fortified city. During the Han Dynasty it was also the capital of Changsha kingdom.

The celebrated Mawangdui Tombs of the Han Dynasty were constructed between 186 and 165 BC. The earliest tomb (no. 2), when excavated in the 1970s, had preserved the corpse of Lady Xin-Zhui in a surprisingly good condition. Also found in the tomb were the earliest versions of Dao De Jing (道德经), the main text of Taoism, among many other historical documents.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Changsha was a much-fought-over territory.

During the Sui Dynasty, Changsha was a county.

Yuelu Academy (岳麓书院) was founded in AD 976 (Song Dynasty), destroyed by war in 1127, and rebuilt in 1165 (Southern Song Dynasty). The celebrated philosopher Zhu Xi (朱熹) taught in at the Academy in 1165. It was destroyed by the Mongols but was restored in the late 15th century (Ming Dynasty). In 1903 it became Hunan High School. The modern day Hunan University is a descendant of the academy. The architecture of some of the buildings was restored from 1981–1986, presumably according to the Song design.

The 1903 Treaty of Shanghai between China and Japan opened the city to foreign trade. Consequently, factories, churches and schools were built. A college was started by Yale University bachelors, and later became a medical center named Xiangya and a secondary school named the Yali School.

Mao Zedong, founder of the People's Republic of China began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the Chinese Civil War but has since been restored. The Former Office of the Hunan Communist Party Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War the strategic location of Changsha made it the focus of four campaigns by the Japanese to capture it from the hands of the Chinese Nationalists which resulted in the battles of 1st Changsha, 2nd Changsha, 3rd Changsha, and 4th Changsha. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to Bai Chongxi's leadership, but ultimately fell for a short time into Japanese hands for another year until they were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender.

The city later became the territory of the People's Republic of China when it was formed in 1949 after the Kuomintang were driven to Taiwan.

Changsha is located at 111°53'–114°5' east longitude and 27°51'–28°40' north latitude, situated in the east central Hunan. Its terrain is high in the west and low in the east. There are many mountainous areas in the west and in the north. The Xiangjiang River flows south to northwest; 296 m high Mt. Yuelushan is in the west; and Liuyanghe River (Liuyang River) and Laodaohe River (Laodao River) east.

Changsha has a monsoon climate within the sub-tropical zone, with annual average temperature being 16.8°C–17.2°C, 4.6°C in January and 28.6°C in July. Average annual precipitation is 1422 mm., and the yearly frost-free period is 275 days.

The four seasons are distinct. Summer is long and broiling, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable with abundant sunlight. In winter, it is nearly rainless and not very cold, changing to rainy and wet weather with rapidly increasing temperatures in the spring.

Changsha neighboring areas include: Jiangxi province, cities and counties of Hunan, such as Tonggu county, Wanzai county, Yichun city, Pingxiang city of Jiangxi province. Pingjiang county, Miluo city, Xiangyin County of Yueyang; Heshan District, Taojiang county, Anhua County of Yiyang; Lianyuan city of Loudi; Zhuzhou county, Liling City of Zhuzhou; Xiangtan county, Xiangxiang city of Xiangtan.

Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.

• Public Transport: The city's public transportation system consists of an extensive bus network with over a hundred lines as well as taxis. Most roads have wide, segregated bike lanes for cyclists. This is no longer true.
• Roads: National Highway 109, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Express Way both connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are two main bus terminals in Changsha: South Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside Hunan Province.
• River: Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the Xiangjiang, the Liuyanghe, and the Laodaohe. Ships transport people and goods in these waterways.
• Rail: Changsha Railway Station is located at city center and provides express and regular services to most cities in China.
• Air: Changsha Huanghua International Airport is a regional hub for China Southern Airlines, which serves major cities in China, including Hong Kong. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations.

In 2005, Changsha's nominal GDP was ¥151.99 billion ($18.5 billion), a year-on-year growth of 14.9% from the previous year. Its per capita GDP was ¥24,318 ($3,000).^[1]

Changsha is one of China's top 20 "economically advanced " cities. Its GDP has grown at an average of 14% per year from 2001-2005, compared with the national average of 9%. During the year 2005, the service sector represented roughly half of Changsha's GDP (at 49%), up 112% from 2001 figures, and it is expected to continue driving the city's economic growth. The manufacturing and construction sectors have grown relatively steadily, growing 116% during 2001-2005. The primary sector, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, has grown slightly over this same period. In addition, the consumer market has grown dramatically with income levels. Urban residents in 2005 had average income of about USD $1,500, 15% higher than national average, and up 10% from 2001 figures. ^[2]

The city has also attracted tremendous amount of foreign investment. In 2005, for example, nearly USD $1 billion worth of foreign direct investment (FDI) poured into the city, mainly in hi-tech, manufacturing, food production, and services. This figure is up 40% from 2001. 59% of the total FDI has come from Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan; 28% has come from the Americas and 9% from Europe.^[3]

In recent years, Changsha has become an important creative center for TV and entertainment arts, with its many TV stations producing some of the most popular programs in China, including Super Girl, a Chinese female version of the UK Pop Idol or American Idol that is the most watched program ever to air on Chinese TV. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry, including singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses like hair salons, fashion stores, and hot spicy snacks at night(esp. in the summer time). Now it is not rare that some people will fly into Changsha to spend their weekends from as far as the northeastern city of Harbin.

Changsha is home to the Lei Feng Jinianguan (Lei Feng Memorial) and his statue.

National

• Central South University (中南大学)
• Hunan University (湖南大学)
• National University of Defense Technology (国防科技大学)

Public

• Changsha University of Science and Technology (长沙理工大学)
• Hunan Agricultural University (湖南农业大学)
• Hunan Normal University (湖南师范大学)
• Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (湖南中医学院)
• Changsha University (长沙学院)
• Hunan Business College (湖南商学院)
• Central South University of Forestry and Technology(中南林业科技大学)

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

Changsha is the birthplace of:

• Xiong Ni - Olympic diver and gold medalist
• Yang Kaihui - Mao's second wife
• Zhu Rongji - Prime Minister of China, 1997-2002
• Tian Han - Author of the lyrics to China's national anthem
• Huang Xing - Kuomintang General
• Liang Heng - Writer and literary scholar.
• Hu Yaobang - CPC General Secretary until death (1989)
• Lei Feng - Eminent PLA soldier/role-model
• Li Xiaopeng - Olympic gymnast
• Li Fuchun
• Liu Shaoqi - President of China, until disgrace in 1966.
• Tan Dun - Contemporary composer (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero soundtracks)
• Dong Qiming - Olympic swimmer and gold medalist
• Qin Vivian - Model and literary scholar

1. ^ Changsha Statistical Yearbook 2005
2. ^ Changsha Statistical Yearbook 2005
3. ^ KPMG Changsha Investment Environment Study 2006

Prefecture-level divisions of Hunan Prefecture-level cities: Changde | Changsha | Chenzhou | Hengyang | Huaihua | Loudi Shaoyang | Xiangtan | Yiyang | Yongzhou | Yueyang | Zhangjiajie | Zhuzhou Autonomous prefecture: Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture

List of Hunan County-level divisions

v • d • e Major cities of Greater China

Coordinates: 28°11′46″N, 112°58′20″E People's Republic of China Direct-controlled municipalities Beijing · Chongqing · Shanghai · Tianjin Sub-provincial cities Changchun · Chengdu · Dalian · Guangzhou · Hangzhou  · Jinan · Harbin · Nanjing · Ningbo · Qingdao · Shenyang · Shenzhen · Wuhan · Xi'an · Xiamen Provincial capitals (not included above) Changsha · Fuzhou · Guiyang · Haikou · Hefei · Hohhot · Kunming · Lanzhou · Lhasa · Nanchang · Nanning · Shijiazhuang · Taiyuan · Ürümqi · Xining · Yinchuan · Zhengzhou Special administrative regions Hong Kong · Macau Republic of China (Taiwan) Direct-controlled municipalities Kaohsiung · Taipei